ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of infectious-disease death worldwide, after AIDS. Most tuberculosis patients in Cuba have pulmonary TB and recovery rates are high. When TB chemotherapy fails, the most common adverse outcome is death. OBJECTIVE Determine survival patterns in a cohort of pulmonary TB patients in Cuba. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted of pulmonary TB patients who were notified and treated in Cuba in 2009 and 2010. Time elapsed between diagnosis and death was examined. Patient survival was analyzed with the Kaplan–Meier method and comparisons were made with the log-rank estimator; an adjusted Cox model was used to analyze risk of death. RESULTS The study included 1339 patients, of whom 71.7% were aged 25–64 years and 77.4% were men. Infectious pulmonary tuberculosis was the most common form (75.6%). Only a small number of patients (5.7%) presented TB/HIV coinfection. Ninety-four deaths were reported, 55% during the first 60 days of treatment. Lower survival rates were observed among men (HR 1.87, 95% CI 1.02–3.45), patients coinfected with HIV/AIDS (HR 6.25, 95% CI 3.46–11.31), and patients aged ≥48 years (HR 3.93, 95% CI 2.41–6.40). CONCLUSION The preponderance of deaths early in TB treatment course may be related to diagnostic and/or treatment delays. Older age at diagnosis, male sex and TB/HIV coinfection increase risk of death.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify facilitators and barriers to the process of translating community empowerment strategies into the practice of the national Aedes aegypti control program in Cuba. Methods A case study of the process was conducted from 2005 to 2009 at national and provincial levels of the control program. Data from participant observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis were triangulated and analyzed inductively and deductively. Results The main facilitators identified included a proposal for an empowerment strategy effective in reducing Aedes aegypti infestation, which was explained in such a way that it could be implemented by program staff; and a control program with national coverage capable of implementing the proposal. The principal barriers were the complexity of the strategy and the absence of organizational changes needed to facilitate its insertion into the control program. Each barrier or facilitator identified was either static or dynamic in nature. Dynamic factors are those that offer signals for action. Conclusions Multiple barriers and facilitators influence the process of translating community empowerment strategies into the practice of the Cuban Aedes aegypti control program. The analysis of these factors as either static or dynamic makes it possible to design more appropriate and effective strategies that can promote the process and increase the likelihood of success.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar facilitadores y barreras del proceso de traslación de estrategias de empoderamiento comunitario a la práctica del programa nacional de control de Aedes aegypti en Cuba. Métodos Se realizó un estudio de caso del proceso en el período 2005–2009 en los niveles nacional y provincial del programa de control. Se triangularon datos procedentes de la observación participante, la entrevista en profundidad y el análisis de documentos, que se analizaron inductiva y deductivamente. Resultados Entre los facilitadores destacan la existencia, por un lado, de una propuesta de estrategia de empoderamiento efectiva en la reducción de la infestación por Aedes aegypti, que estaba descrita de manera que pudiera ser implementada por el personal del programa y, por otro lado, de un programa de control con cobertura nacional dispuesto a ponerla en práctica. Las principales barreras fueron la complejidad propia de la estrategia y la ausencia de cambios organizacionales que facilitaran su inserción dentro del programa. Tanto las barreras como los facilitadores fueron de naturaleza estática o dinámica. Los factores dinámicos son aquellos que ofrecen señales para la acción. Conclusiones Son múltiples las barreras y facilitadores del proceso de traslación a la práctica de las estrategias de empoderamiento comunitario en el programa nacional de control de Aedes aegypti en Cuba. Su análisis como factores de naturaleza estática y dinámica permitiría diseñar estrategias más adecuadas y eficaces para impulsar el proceso e incrementaría sus probabilidades de éxito.

Lyme disease has not been officially reported in Cuba. However, clinical cases have been serologically reported. Seroprevalence survey of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto antibodies in humans in the country has not been conducted. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of borrelial antibodies in inhabitants of a village with historically high level of tick infestation. METHODS: Serum specimens from 247 persons randomly selected from the population of the village were examined by IgG Western blot using B31 strain for estimating the prevalence of antibodies profile. RESULTS: A seroprevalence value interval (95% CI) of 0.6%-7.2% was estimated for the studied population. The prevalent borrelial protein bands on immunoblots were 41, 72, 90/93, 34, 47, 60, 58, 56, 65/66 and 31 kDa in a decreasing order of significance. CONCLUSION: These results support the previous serological findings, suggesting the presence of this borreliosis in Cuba.

Introduction: polymorphic variants of FcgRIIa receptor have been associated to susceptibility to develop several infectious diseases. The relationship between the polymorphism of this receptor and the susceptibility to dengue hemorrhagic fever was recently reported. Objectives: to explore whether the association of the homocygotic variants of the receptor to susceptibility to or protection from a disease could be also related with the IgG antibody titters and the exposure to a number of infections. Methods: a retrospective analytical study was performed on individuals who had been infected with the dengue virus 4 during the 2006 epidemic in the City of Havana and were tracked down in 2008. A total number of 97 individuals were recruited of whom 68 had suffered dengue fever and 29 had had dengue hemorrhagic fever. A 10 mL blood sample was taken from each of them and then placed in EDTA anticoagulant for DNA isolation and 5ml placed in dry tubes to obtain serum. The genetic polymorphism of FcgRlla receptor, the total anti-dengue IgG antibody titers and the antecedent of dengue infection were determined. Results: it was interesting to note that there was very significant direct relation (p< 0.0001) between high anti-dengue IgG antibodies titers and the number of infections suffered by these people. This behaviour was present in those individuals with the HH homocygotic variant. Conclusion: it seems that those individuals with polymorphism in FCgRlla-H/H receptor would tend to non-elimination of IgG antibodies through this receptor, which is associated to the number of infections suffered by the individual.

Introducción: las variantes polimórficas del receptor FcgR IIa han sido asociadas con la susceptibilidad a padecer diferentes enfermedades infecciosas. Recientemente se reportó la asociación entre el polimorfismo de este receptor y la susceptibilidad a padecer la fiebre hemorrágica por dengue. Objetivos: explorar si la asociación a la susceptibilidad o protección de las variantes homocigóticas del receptor, pudieran estar relacionadas además, con los títulos de IgG y la exposición a diferente número de infecciones. Métodos: se hizo un estudio de tipo analítico retrospectivo a individuos infectados por virus dengue 4 en Ciudad de La Habana durante la epidemia de 2006, que se contactaron en 2008. Se reclutó un total de 97 individuos, de los cuales 68 habían padecido fiebre dengue y 29 fiebre hemorrágica de dengue.Se les extrajo una muestra de 10 mL de sangre total en anticoagulante que se empleó en el aislamiento de ADN. Se determinó el polimorfismo genético del receptor FcgRIIa, los títulos de anticuerpos totales IgG anti-dengue y el antecedente de infección por dengue. Resultados: se evidenció, de modo interesante, una relación directamente proporcional y muy significativa (p< 0,0001) entre los altos títulos de IgG anti-dengue con el número de infecciones padecidas. Este comportamiento fue característico en los individuos con la variante homocigótica HH. Conclusiones: al parecer, en aquellos individuos con polimorfismo para el receptor FcgRIIa-H/H podría haber una tendencia a la no eliminación de los anticuerpos IgG a través del FcgRIIa, la cual está asociada con el número de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION: Following a tripling of tuberculosis incidence in Cuba between 1991 and 1994 (from 4.7 to 14.7 per 100,000), the National TB Control Program was revamped in 1995 and the National Reference Center for Childhood TB and Provincial Childhood TB Commissions were created as a strategy for addressing this emerging health problem. OBJECTIVE: Assess the impact of Cuba's new strategy for TB control in children aged <15 years during the period 1995-2005. METHODS: A descriptive review of health services and systems was conducted in Cuba, examining 157 cases of TB diagnosed in children aged <15 years during the period 1995-2005 and comparing impact and process indicators for selected years (1995, 2000, and 2005). Impact indicators included reduction in: a) incidence; b) serious forms (peritoneal, meningeal, miliary, combined); c) mortality; and d) case outcomes (cure, death, treatment drop-out, treatment failure). Process indicators were proportion of cases with: a) microbiological tests; b) knowledge of infection source; c) diagnoses obtained through adult case contact tracing; d) time to diagnosis <60 days; and e) post-mortem diagnoses. RESULTS: During the period 1995-2005, TB rates in children aged <15 years fell by 50% (from 1.0 to 0.5 per 100,000), more evident in children <10 years. The Havana rate was three times the national rate. Diagnosis was post-mortem in three serious cases (1.9%); there were four deaths (2.5%), none after 2000. Only seven children (4.5%) had serious forms, none after 2002. Except for cases diagnosed post-mortem, all children received treatment directly supervised by health personnel. Cure rate was 99.4%; there were no treatment drop-outs or chronic cases; one relapse was reported (0.6%). Knowledge of infection source increased to 90% over the selected years. Microbiological tests were conducted in 90% of cases, with isolation in 30.9%. No isolate was drug-resistant, nor were there reports of infectious contacts with resistance. We found no HIV coinfection. At the end of the study, time to diagnosis of >60 days persisted in 40% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Creation of a National Reference Center for Childhood TB and Provincial Childhood TB Commissions has contributed to improved TB diagnosis and control in children aged <15 years, achieving incidence similar to that during the period prior to TB re-emergence and to those of some developed countries. Improvements are needed in the work and systematic training of health personnel, especially at the primary health care level, in order to eliminate TB as a national health problem by 2015.

Annual vaccination against influenza is an essential strategic action to reduce morbidity, complications and mortality due to this disease. This practice is specially recommended in risk groups, mainly in the elderly with high risk to develop a severe or complicated influenza. Taking into account this condition and after the application of a single dose (0.5 mL by intramuscular route) of the Aggrippal S1 vaccine/ Chiron vaccine, according to WHO for 1997-1998, the anti-hemagglutinin humoral response was evaluated in 38 women aged ³ 65 from a care center for old ladies (state institution) of the City of Havana, Cuba. It was used the Hemagglutination Inhibition technique in serum samples from blood extracted in three stages: pre-vaccination (immediately after the application), post-vaccination (30 days after), and one year after vaccination during the influenza season 1997-1999. The Student test was applied in the results and statistically significant differences were observed (p=0.00094 and p= 0.0018, respectively) when comparing the protective antibodies levels in post-vaccine stage (78.94%) and those of one year after vaccination (42.11%) with the ones of the pre- vaccination stage. The comparison of positivity detected in the three stages (28.94%; 97.36% and 86.34%) was also significant by Chi-squared test (p<0.00001). Response to anti-flu immunization achieved in this group supports re-vaccination practice in the elderly who shows the higher mortality rates due to influenza and pneumonia.

La vacunación anual contra la influenza es una acción estratégica fundamental para reducir la morbilidad, la mortalidad y las complicaciones ocasionadas por esta enfermedad. Su aplicación se recomienda en los grupos de riesgo, sobre todo en los ancianos con peligro de desarrollar una influenza severa o complicada. Atendiendo a esta condición se evaluó, después de aplicar una dosis única (0,5 mL por vía intramuscular) de la vacuna Agrippal S1/Chiron, recomendada por la OMS para la temporada 1997-1998, la respuesta inmune humoral antihemaglutinina en 38 mujeres con una edad ³ a 65 años, todas pertenecientes a un hogar de ancianas (institución estatal) de La Habana, Cuba. Para ello se utilizó la técnica de inhibición de la hemaglutinación en muestras de suero, obtenidas a partir de la sangre extraída en tres etapas: prevacunación (inmediatamente antes de su aplicación), posvacunación (30 días después) y un año después de la inmunización durante la temporada de influenza 1997-1998. Al aplicar el test de Student en los resultados obtenidos se observó que al comparar los niveles de anticuerpos protectores detectados en la etapa posvacunal (78,94%) y al año de la inmunización (42,11%), con los identificados en la etapa prevacunal, existían diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,0094 y p=0,0018), respectivamente. La comparación de los porcentajes de positividad detectados en las tres etapas investigadas (28,94%; 97,36% y 86,84%) fue también significativo mediante el test de Chi cuadrado (p<0,00001). La respuesta a la inmunización antigripal obtenida en este grupo de riesgo apoya la política de revacunación en los ancianos, individuos donde se observan las mayores tasas de mortalidad por influenza y neumonía.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of Febrile Syndromes and compare it with that of the clinical habitual and seroepidemiological Dengue surveillance system in Havana City. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2007, on a representative sample, to calculate the prevalence rates of febrile syndromes and nonspecific febrile syndromes, using the Chi-square test in order to compare the differences among them. Results: The differences found among the point prevalence rates and the reported by the seroepidemiological clinical habitual surveillance system of Dengue, both for Febrile Syndromes and for Nonspecific Febrile Syndromes, turned out to be 352.6 and 144.2 times greater, statistically significant differences (p<0,001). Conclusions: The point prevalence of FS, found turned out to be much higher than the reported by the seroepidemiological clinical habitual surveillance system of Dengue, which shows underreporting in the report.

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia puntual de síndromes febriles (SF) y compararla con la del sistema habitual de vigilancia clínico y seroepidemiológica del dengue en Ciudad de La Habana. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en octubre del 2007, en una muestra representativa, en el que se calcularon las tasas de prevalencia de síndromes febriles y síndromes febriles inespecíficos, utilizando la prueba de Chi cuadrado para comparar las diferencias entre ellas. Resultados: Las diferencias encontradas entre las tasas de prevalencia puntual y las reportadas por el sistema habitual de vigilancia clínico-seroepidemiológica del dengue, tanto para los síndromes febriles como para los síndromes febriles inespecíficos, resultaron ser 352,6 y 144,2 veces mayor, respectivamente, diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,001). Conclusiones: La prevalencia puntual de SF encontrada, resultó ser muy superior a la reportada por el sistema habitual de vigilancia clínico-seroepidemiológica del dengue, lo que evidencia subregistro en la notificación.

OBJECTIVES: To document the process and analyze the results of implementing a strategy aimed at increasing community participation in the fight against the dengue mosquito vector. METHODS: From May 2002 to May 2004, an intervention was implemented to advance social action against dengue in three districts of the municipality of Playa, La Habana, Cuba. A learning group and community working groups (CWG) were organized in each location. A community education model was followed that combines putting the plan of action into practice, with sessions to reflect and learn from the results, and then reworking of the actions for subsequent stages. Diagnostic tools were developed for communities, preventative actions, communication, surveillance, and evaluation. Changes in participation were identified by applying the content analysis technique to the documents and through interviews with key informants. RESULTS: The community work advanced at a pace relative to the abilities and interests of each community with different areas of focus: healthy community, environmental risk, and entomological risk. Positive changes in the concept of participation were obtained, according to the five areas evaluated: leadership, needs assessment, organization, management, and mobilization of resources. At the end of two years of intervention, the rate of Aedes aegypti larvae and pupae deposits found per 100 households had declined 79% and cases of dengue were not detected in any of the districts. CONCLUSIONS: This strategy reduced mosquito vector infestation levels by increasing community participation in decision-making and strengthening the competencies of the medical teams and CWGs so that they lead participative processes in the community and raised confidence in their ability to achieve change with the appropriate resources and intersectoral support.

OBJETIVOS: Documentar el proceso y analizar los resultados de la aplicación de una estrategia dirigida a aumentar la participación comunitaria en la lucha contra el mosquito vector del dengue. MÉTODOS: Entre mayo de 2002 y mayo de 2004 se aplicó una intervención para transformar la acción social contra el dengue en tres circunscripciones del municipio Playa, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Se conformó un grupo de aprendizaje y grupos de trabajo comunitario (GTC) en las localidades. Se siguió un modelo de educación popular que conjugaba la puesta en práctica de las acciones previstas con sesiones de reflexión y aprendizaje a partir de los resultados y la reformulación del trabajo para las etapas subsiguientes. Se desarrollaron diagnósticos comunitarios, acciones preventivas, de comunicación, vigilancia y evaluación. Los cambios en la participación se identificaron mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido de documentos y entrevistas a informantes clave. RESULTADOS: El trabajo comunitario avanzó de acuerdo con las capacidades y los intereses de cada comunidad con enfoques de trabajo diferentes: de comunidad saludable, de riesgo ambiental y de riesgo entomológico. Se constataron cambios positivos en el concepto de participación según las cinco dimensiones evaluadas: liderazgo, identificación de necesidades, organización, gestión y movilización de recursos. Al final de dos años de intervención, el índice de depósitos con larvas o pupas de Aedes aegypti por 100 viviendas inspeccionadas se redujo en 79% y no se detectaron casos de dengue en ninguna de las circunscripciones. CONCLUSIONES: La estrategia empleada permitió reducir el nivel de infestación con el mosquito vector mediante el aumento de la participación de la comunidad en la toma de decisiones, el fortalecimiento de las competencias de los equipos médicos y de los GTC para liderar procesos participativos en sus comunidades y la elevación de la confianza de los miembros de la comunidad en sus posibilidades de llevar a cabo transformaciones con recursos propios y apoyo intersectorial.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the process of adapting a comprehensive community-based strategy for dengue prevention under the specific conditions of a municipality. METHODS: The strategy was implemented in Lisa and included organization, training, surveillance, community-wide work and action assessment. Key informants were interviewed and the general population was surveyed to learn about their knowledge, perceptions and practices. The analysis of the documents produced from April 2004 to April 2007 allowed describing the contextualization of this strategy. Chi square test was used to compare ratios to detect differences among various people´s councils making up this municipality. RESULTS: The people´s councils which exhibited the highest risks of dengue transmission were Versalles-Coronela, Alturas de la Lisa and Balcón Arimao so they were selected for the strategy implementation. It was detected that the municipal coordinating group as well as the community-based working groups at the constituencies were in need of expanding their knowledge. Training and advisory workshops were held to assist the involved staff. The community working groups were made up by the most influential organizations and actors in the community. The strategy implementation was different in each people´s council since it took into account the existing local characteristics and capacities. CONCLUSIONS: The community-based strategies are required to be contextualized and adapted to local conditions. The involvement of the main actors in this process is essential for acceptability, feasibility, empowerment and responsibility for its implementation. The participatory documentation makes it possible to monitor changes in the strategy in the course of its implementation.

OBJETIVO: describir el proceso de adaptación de una estrategia comunitaria integrada para la prevención del dengue en condiciones específicas de una localidad. MÉTODOS: la estrategia, implementada en la Lisa, incluye la organización, capacitación, vigilancia integrada, trabajo comunitario y evaluación de acciones. Se realizaron entrevistas a informantes claves y una encuesta poblacional de conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas. El análisis de contenido de los documentos producidos desde abril de 2004 hasta abril de 2007 permitió la descripción de la contextualización de la estrategia. Se utilizó la prueba chi cuadrado de comparación de proporciones para detectar diferencias entre consejos populares. RESULTADOS: Versalles-Coronela, Alturas de la Lisa y Balcón Arimao resultaron los consejos populares de alto riesgo de transmisión, estos fueron seleccionados para implementar la estrategia. Se identificaron necesidades de aprendizaje tanto para el grupo coordinador municipal como para los grupos de trabajo comunitario en las circunscripciones. Se desarrollaron talleres de capacitación y asesoría directa al personal involucrado. Los grupos de trabajo comunitario estuvieron integrados por las organizaciones y actores con mayor influencia en la población. La implementación de la estrategia fue diferente en cada consejo popular teniendo en cuenta las características y capacidades existentes. CONCLUSIONES: las estrategias comunitarias requieren ser contextualizadas a las condiciones locales. La participación de los actores en su adaptación es clave para la aceptabilidad, factibilidad, la apropiación y para asumir responsabilidades en su ejecución. La documentación participativa permite monitorear las modificaciones de la estrategia en el proceso de implementación.

The adaptation of Coreil et al´s communicable disease model to the dynamics of contracting HIV from the sensitive individual perspective was intended to be explained in this article. A literature review on the situation of this disease in Cuba and worldwide by developing the phylosophical debate on concepts and the basis for a different risk approach was made. The applicability and usefulness of this model for the study of determinants involved in HIV infection was shown.

Se explicó la adaptación del modelo de las enfermedades transmisibles de Coreil y otros, a la dinámica de la adquisición del VIH desde la perspectiva del individuo susceptible. Se hizo una revisión, acerca de la situación internacional y de Cuba de esta enfermedad, mediante el desarrollo de la discusión filosófica de los conceptos y las bases de un enfoque diferente de riesgo. Se demostró la aplicabilidad de este modelo y se previó su utilidad para el estudio de los determinantes que intervienen en la adquisición de la infección.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze opinions on community participation held by residents of one section of the city of Havana, Cuba, in order to identify key criteria to use in preparing a participatory strategy for controlling the Aedes aegypti mosquito. METHODS: The study was conducted from September to October 1999 in Playa, one of the 15 municipios (districts) that make up the city of Havana, Cuba. In the first phase of the study, interviews were carried out with key informants, including health brigade members and sanitation activists, who had lived in Playa for more than five years. The key informants were selected randomly from the nine health areas that the Playa municipio has. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify terms, common expressions, and key concepts related to community participation in the area. In the study's second phase a questionnaire using a Likert scale was prepared for application with a population sample from Playa. Based on the answers from the respondents, a point score with a confidence interval was calculated for each of the 30 statements on the questionnaire. The point scores for those statements were used to identify the population's most relevant criteria, that is, the statements producing the strongest agreement and the ones producing the strongest disagreement. RESULTS: In the first phase, from the interviews with key informants, the three most important variables to explore were identified as: (1) community participation in environmental cleanup, (2) the role and image of community leaders and of community organizations, and (3) community participation, in a general sense, in solving any problem in the community. In the second phase, the population survey indicated that the members of the community recognized the usefulness of community participation in solving local problems, especially for controlling A. aegypti. Among the statements on the questionnaire that had the highest levels of agreement were ones dealing with the value of working together as a team, the knowledge that local authorities had of community problems, and recognition of the obligation that citizens have to take part in developing the community. The statements that had the lowest level of agreement had to do with the need to reward-with more than just words of thanks-residents who regularly serve the community and with the view that the majority of community leaders were more concerned with their personal well-being than with the problems of the community. CONCLUSIONS: The opinions on community participation identified among the population in Playa served as the basis for designing new strategies for controlling A. aegypti. The methodology utilized in this study could be used to plan local participatory processes, both in Cuba and in other countries, and could be applied to other problems whose solution requires community participation.

OBJETIVO: Analizar las opiniones sobre la participación comunitaria entre los residentes de un municipio de Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba, con el fin de identificar los criterios clave para elaborar una estrategia participativa de control de Aedes aegypti. MÉTODOS: El estudio se realizó de septiembre a octubre de 1999 en el municipio Playa de Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. En una primera fase se realizaron entrevistas abiertas a informantes clave de la comunidad (brigadistas sanitarios y activistas de higienización con más de cinco años de residencia en la zona) seleccionados aleatoriamente de las nueve áreas de salud del municipio. Mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido cualitativo se identificaron términos, expresiones comunes y conceptos clave relacionados con la participación comunitaria en el área y se elaboró un cuestionario con escala de Líkert que fue aplicado en una segunda fase a una muestra poblacional del municipio. Se calcularon los índices de posición y los intervalos de confianza para cada enunciado, según la opinión de los encuestados, y se identificaron los criterios más relevantes entre la población, tanto por su connotación positiva como negativa. RESULTADOS: De las entrevistas a informantes clave surgieron como variables más importantes a explorar: 1) la participación comunitaria en la higienización ambiental, 2) el papel e imagen de los líderes y las organizaciones comunitarias, y 3) la participación comunitaria, en sentido general, en la solución de cualquier problema de la comunidad. Los resultados de la encuesta a la población reflejaron que los miembros de la comunidad reconocieron la utilidad de la participación comunitaria en la solución de problemas locales y, en particular, en el control de A. aegypti.Entre las opiniones en favor de la participación comunitaria se identificaron la valoración del trabajo en grupos, el conocimiento por parte de las autoridades locales de los problemas comunitarios y el reconocimiento de la obligación de los ciudadanos de tomar parte en el desarrollo de su comunidad. Resultaron más desfavorables las opiniones acerca de la imagen de los líderes y del tipo de beneficio que podría traer consigo la participación comunitaria. CONCLUSIONES: Las opiniones de la población acerca de la participación comunitaria obtenidas en este estudio sirvieron de base para el diseño de nuevas estrategias para el control de A. aegypti. La metodología utilizada puede servir para planificar procesos participativos locales, tanto en Cuba como en otros países, y puede aplicarse a otros problemas cuya solución requiera de la participación comunitaria.

Four methods (chromogenic, acidimetric, inhibition, and iodometric) for demonstration of the beta-lactamase production by 70 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, were evaluated in Cuba. There was 100% correlation between all beta-lactamase methods and the standardized penicillin dilution susceptibility test for penicillinase-non-producing N. gonorrhoeae. For penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae strains, there was a perfect correlation between the chromogenic method and penicillin susceptibility testing, but one and two strains failed to give a positive result for beta-lactamase with the inhibition/acidimetric and the iodometric methods, respectively. There was a high concordance between the chromogenic method, considered as gold standard and the rest of penicillinase tests evaluated: Kappa Index (KI) = 0.98 for inhibition/acidimetric methods and KI = 0.97 for the iodometric method. The four methods evaluated were accurate, reproducible, easily readable, economical, and ease to use for screening primary isolates of N. gonorrhoeae in Cuba. We recommended the use of the inhibition method, when testing the penicillinase activity in gonococcal isolates in provincial and municipal reference laboratories.